Physicochemical Characterization and Cytocompatibility Study of Lyophilized Cow Urine Powder

Cow urine is known for possessing therapeutic potency which found to vary depending upon its physical forms such as fresh sterile urine, distillate, lyophilized powder, etc. In the current work, we demonstrate physicochemical characteristics and cytocompatibility of powder cow obtained from Sahiwal pure Indian breed. We have used several analytical techniques, including Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy Electron Microscopy – Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) examine chemical nature through lyophilization. SEM-EDX analysis showed clusters like morphology revealed 25-30% metal ions present in both samples. TGA three steps degradation sequentially most likely due initial desorption adsorbed water, urea degradation, loss glycoside moiety flavonoid. DSC data presence irregular (amorphous) ordered molecular structures (crystalline) urine. <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectra all prepared samples exhibited a similar trend did not significantly and; confirming same flavonoid/compounds each sample. FTIR observed spectra. addition, study MTT assay using NIH-3T3 fibroblast cells that powders possessed no deleterious effects on healthy cells. Thus, outcomes provide benchmark further understanding form could be potentially useful analyzing value.